Economic Prediction ,” Options , International Institute for Applied
Systems Analysis , Laxenburg , Austria , April 1984
。补充资料选自斯坦福经济史学家Paul David,“Clio and the Economics of QWERTY
,”American Economic Review , Papers and Proceedings , May 1985。
'3'参见W。Brian Arthur, Yuri Ermoliev, and Yuri Kaniovski,“On
Generalized Urn Schemes of the Polya
Kind”。原载苏联杂志Kibernetika,译文参见Cybernetic 19
(1983):61…71。通过不同的数学技巧得出相似结果的过程参见Bruce Hill, David Lane,and William
Sudderth,
“A strong Law for Some Generalized Urn Processes” Annals of
Probability 8(1980):214…226。 '4' W。Brian Arthur, “peting
Techonogies and Economic Predictions,”Options,International
Institute for Applied Systems
Analysis,Laxenburg,Austria(April,1984):10…13。 '5'参见R。Burton
1976年的论文“Recent Advances in Vehicular Steam Efficiency,”Society of
Automotive Engineers Preprint 760340,and W。strack, “Condensers and
Boilers for steam…powered Cars, ”NASA Technical Note,TN
D5813(Washington,D。C。,1970)。尽管工程师之间对于哪种方案具有总体优势仍有争论,但蒸汽或电力驱动汽车的一个强大优势在于减少污染排放。
'6'这些对比参见1988年纽约大学的Robin Cowen 的论文“Nuclear Power Reactors:A study in
Technological Lock In ”。与结论相关的专业工程师意见来源包括:Hugh
McIntyre,“Natural…Uranium Heavy…Water Reactors,”Scientific
American(1975);Harold Agnew,“Gas…Coolded Nuclear Power
Reactors,”Scientific American(1981);Eliot Marshall,“The Gas…Cooled
Reactor Makes a eback,”Science(1984)。
'7'M。Hertsgaard,The Man and Money Behind Nuclear Energy(New
York:Pantheon,1983).虽然Murray用的字眼是“power…hungry”,而非“energy…poor”
,但他指的当然是电力,而非影响方面的权力。
'8'加州大学Irvine分校的Lester Lave找到了有力的统计学证据支持这一说法,参见其文章“Speeding,
Coordination and the 55 m 。p。h Speed Limit,”American Economic
Review(December 1985)。
'9'台湾大学经济学家Cyrus Chu将这个概念发展为松懈管制导致的周期性的惩罚的数学证明,参见他的论文“Justifying
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